FMVSS 208 Notice of Proposed Rule Making ����

- Advance Airbag���� ����

��

  1. ����

    ��NPRM�� ��ǥ : 1998�� 9�� 18��

    ��Advanced Airbag�� �����ϴ� ����

    • �پ��� ũ���� ž����(50%ile, 5%ile, 12month, 3year, 6year) ��ȣ
    • Belted / Unbelted ž���� ��ȣ
    • Airbag�� ���� ���ߵ� �� �ִ� Small Size Occupant�� �������� �ּ�ȭ

    ��Phase-In

    • 2002.9.1 ~ 2003.9.1 (MY2003) : 25% �̻�
    • 2003.9.1 ~ 2004.9.1 (MY2004) : 40% �̻�
    • 2004.9.1 ~ 2005.9.1 (MY2005) : 70% �̻�
    • 2005.9.1 ~ (MY2006) : 100%

    ��Final Rule��ǥ ������ : End of 1999

    ��NPRM�� �߰��� ����

    • Test Dummy
      1. 12-month-old CRABI (Crash Restraints Air Bag Interaction)
      2. 3-year-old children (Hybrid III)
      3. 6-year-old children (Hybrid III)
      4. 5th percentile adult females (Hybrid III)
    • Dynamic Crash Test
      1. 30mph Rigid Barrier Test Using 5th female dummy
      2. 25mph Offset Deformable Barrier Test Using 5th female dummy
    • Airbag�� ���� ���ߵ� �� �ִ� ���ظ� �ּ�ȭ�ϱ� ���� Test �߰�
      1. Suppression (Presence)
      2. Suppression (Out-Of-Position)
      3. Low Risk Deployment
      4. Dynamic OOP Test
    • New Injury Criteria
      1. Improved Neck Injury Criterion (Nij)
      2. Combined Thoracic Index (CTI)

    ��Airbag Induced Injury�� ���̱� ���� NHTSA�� �ع�

    • Interim Solution
      1. Unbelted Sled Test Option (Depower)
      2. Manual On-Off Switches for Passenger Airbag
      3. Improved Labeling
    • Longer-term Solution : Advanced Airbag System Technology
      1. OOP ž������ ���ظ� �ּ�ȭ �Ǵ� ���� ����
      2. �پ��� ũ��� Belted/Unbelted ž������ ��ȣ�ɷ� ���

��

  1. New Test Requirement

    ���پ��� ũ��� Belted/Unbelted ž���� ��ȣ�� ����Ű�� ���� ����

      Fig.1���� �� �� �ִ� ��ó��, 50%ile Dummy�� �̿��� Unbelted/Belted 30mph rigid barrier test�ܿ�, 5%ile Female Dummy�� �̿��� Unbelted/Belted 30mph rigid barrier test�� 25mph 40% offset frontal deformable barrier test�� �߰��Ǿ����� �� �� �ִ� ��, �̴� ���� ���� ž������ ��ȣ�ɷ��� ����Ű�� ���� ���̴�.

      ����, 50%ile 30mph Barrier Test�� ��쵵, Interim final rule�� ä�õǾ��� Dynamic Sled Test Option��� ������ Full Crash Test�� ������� �� �� �ִ�.

      �׷���, 2001�� 9�� 1�Ͽ� �����ϱ�� �Ͽ��� Dynamic Sled Test Option�� Advanced Airbag Final Rule�� ���� ����� ������ �����ǵ��� ����Ǿ���.(NHTSA Reauthorization Act of 1998)

    ��

     

      1. 30mph Rigid Barrier Test using 5th Percentile Female Dummy

        50%ile Dummy�� �̿��� 30mph Rigid Barrier Test�� ���� �����ϸ�, 5%ile�� �̿��ϱ� ������ Seating Position�� Fully Forward Position���� �Ѵٴ� ���̰� �ִ�.

         

      2. 25mph Offset Deformable Barrier Test using 5th Percentile Female Dummy

        Airbag Induced Injury�� �߻��ϴ� �ֵ� ������ ��Soft Crash Pulse������ late firing�� �Ͼ�� �����̴�. �̷���, Softer, Longer duration crash pulse�� �翬�ϱ� ���� �������� ���õ� ���� 40% Offset Deformable Barrier Test�̴�. �� ������ 25mph(40km/h)������ �ӵ����� ����Ǹ�, 30mph rigid barrier test�� ������ Dummy Position�� Injury Criteria�� ����Ѵ�.

    ��Infant, Children �� ���� ž������ ���ظ� �ּ�ȭ��Ű�� ���� ����

      Fig.2�� ž���ڰ� Airbag�� ������ �ִ� ��Ȳ���� Airbag�� ������ �� ���ظ� �ּ�ȭ�ϱ� ���Ͽ� �䱸�Ǵ� ������̴�.

    ��

      NHTSA���� ��ó�� �پ��� Option�� �����ϴ� ������ Advanced Airbag�� �����ϴµ� �پ��� ����� ������ �� �ֵ��� ����ϱ� ���� ���̴�.

    ��

    • Safety of Infants

      Rear Facing Seat�� �ɾ� �ִ� ������ ���, �Ӹ��� Airbag�� �ſ� ������ ���̱� ������ Airbag ������ ���� �Ǵ� ����� ������ �ſ� ũ��. ����, ������ ���� �ΰ��� Option�� �ϳ��̻��� �����Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.

        ��

      1. Automatic Airbag Suppression Option (Presence)
      • 12-month CRABI in Rear Facing Child Restraint�� �̿��Ͽ�, ���� ���� Static test�� �ϴ� ����, Airbag�� Deactivate�Ǿ�� �Ѵ�.
      • Rough Road ���¿����� Test�� �����Ѵ�. (Weight Sensor�� �̿��� ���, Rough Road���� ���۵��� ���ɼ��� �ֱ� ����)
      • Airbag�� �߸� Deactivate�Ǵ� ��쿡 ����Ͽ�, 5%ile�� �̿��Ͽ� Ȯ�� test�� �����Ѵ�.
      • Telltale Light�� IP�� �����Ͽ� Deactivation�������� ǥ���Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.

Deactivation

Static Test (Unbelted)

Static Test (Belted)

Rough Road

��

  • Any seat position
  1. Standard sitting position
  2. Front facing
  3. Driver facing
  4. Passenger door facing
  5. 5inch forward from standard position and facing driver
  6. 5inch forward from standard position and facing passenger

��

  • Any seat position
  1. Rear Facing Child Seat

��

  • Belted seating position
  • Washboard or Dips surface
  • at the speed of 25mph
  • any distance between 0.2km and 0.4km

��

Activation

Static Test

Rough Road

��

  • At any seat position
  • 5%ile female dummy standard sitting position

��

  • 5%ile female dummy standard sitting position
  • Washboard or Dips surface
  • At the speed of 25mph
  • Any distance between 0.2km and 0.4km

 

    1. Low-risk Deployment Option
    • Rear facing child seat�� belted condition���� 12-month CRABI dummy�� �̿��Ͽ� Test�� ������ ��� �Ʒ��� Injury Criteria�� �����Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.
    • Multistage Inflator�� ����� ���, ������ Stage�� ������Ų��.
    • Nij = (Fz/Fzc) + (My/Myc)

        ��, Fzc�� Myc�� Critical Value

          (�ڼ��� ������ 3. New Injury Criteria����)

          ��

Dummy Position

Injury Criteria

��

  • Fully forward and highest seat position
  • Any seat back angle
  • Belted condition
  • Rear facing

HIC

660

Nij (Alternative 1)

1.4 and 1.0

Neck Fx, Fz and My (Alternative 2)

3�� ����

Chest g��s (3ms)

40g

��

��

    • Safety of 3-year-old

        ������Ʈ�� ���� ���� ����� ���, ��� �� �޺극��ũ(Pre-crash braking)�� ���� Airbag������ �̵��ϱ� ����. ����, NHTSA�� 3YO Child dummy�� 6YO Child dummy�� �̿��Ͽ�, ������ ���� 4���� Option�� �ϳ��̻��� Test�� �����ϵ��� �����ϰ� �ִ�. ����, NHTSA�� 3YO Child�� 6YO Child�� Ư���� �����Կ��� �ұ��ϰ�, ������ Dummy�� ���� ������ ������ �ϴ� ������ Airbag ���߽� ���� �ٸ� Option�� ���� �� �ֵ��� �Ͽ�, ������ �������� �����ֱ� ���� ���̶�� ������.

        ��

      1. Automatic Airbag Suppression Option (Presence)
      • Hybrid III 3YO Dummy�� �̿��Ͽ�, ���� ���� Static and Rough Road test�� �����ϴ� ����, Airbag�� Deactivate�Ǿ�� �Ѵ�.
      • Belted position�� 16������ Unbelted position����
      • Airbag�� �߸� Deactivate�Ǵ� ��쿡 ����Ͽ�, 5%ile�� �̿��Ͽ� Ȯ�� test�� �����Ѵ�.
      • Telltale Light�� IP�� �����Ͽ� Deactivation�������� ǥ���Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.

Deactivation

Static Test (Unbelted)

Static Test (Belted)

Rough Road

��

  • Without using a forward facing child seat
  1. Seating on seat with back against seat
  2. Seating on seat with back not against seat
  3. Sitting on seat edge with hands on the IP
  4. Sitting on seat edge, spine vertical, hands by dummy��s side
  5. Sitting back in the seat and leaning on the right front passenger door.
  6. Standing on seat, facing forward
  7. Standing on seat, facing rearward
  8. Kneeling on seat, facing forward
  9. Kneeling on seat, facing rearward
  10. Standing on floor
  11. Lying on seat
  12. Low risk deployment position 1
  13. Low risk deployment position 2
  14. Sitting on seat edge, head contacting the mid-face of the IP
  15. Kneeling on the floor
  16. Sitting on seat edge, head contacting the lower-face of the IP

��

  • At any seat position
  • Using forward facing child seat or booster seat

��

  • Without changing the position of the vehicle seat or the dummy
  • Washboard or Dips surface
  • at the speed of 25mph
  • any distance between 0.2km and 0.4km

��

Activation

Static Test

Rough Road

��

  • At any seat position
  • 5%ile female dummy standard sitting position

��

��

  • 5%ile female dummy standard sitting position
  • Washboard or Dips surface
  • At the speed of 25mph
  • Any distance between 0.2km and 0.4km

��

    ��

      1. Out-Of-Position Suppression
      • Presence Automatic Suppression�� �ٸ� ������ ���
      • Pre-crash braking���� ������ ��� ������ ž���ڸ� ����ϴ� ��ġ�� �ʿ��� (2.3 OOP Occupant Simulator ����)
      • OOP Occupant Simulator�� Automatic Suppression Plane(ASP)�� ����� ��, 10ms�ȿ� Deactivation�ǰ�, Telltale light�� ǥ��
      • ������ Position�� ���ϰ� �ִ� Hybrid III 3YO Child Dummy Head, Neck �� Torso�� ��� ������ ASP�� ���ϰų� �ڿ� ���� ��, Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��� 3YO Child Dummy�� Injury Criteria�� �������Ѿ� �Ѵ�.

    ��

      1. Low-risk Deployment Option
      • Hybrid III 3YO Dummy�� Fig.3�� Position 1 �Ǵ� Position 2�� �д�.
        • Position 1 : Spine Upright and Abdomen on IP
        • Position 2 : Head on IP
      • Multistage Inflator�� ����� ���, ������ �������� �浹�Ͽ��� ��, ���Ǵ� Stage�� ������Ų��.
        • Rigid Barrier Test : Fixed Rigid Barrier ( 0��30��)�� 20mph(32km/h)�� �ӵ��� �浹
        • Offset Frontal Deformable Barrier Test : Fixed Offset Deformable Barrier�� 20mph�� �ӵ��� �浹
        • Pole Test : Fixed cylindrical pole(D: 10��0.6 in.)�� 20mph�� �ӵ��� �浹

      • CTI = (Amax/Aint) + (Dmax/Dint)

          ��, Aint�� Dint�� intercept value

          (�ڼ��� ������ 3. New Injury Criteria ����)

      • Nij = (Fz/Fzc) + (My/Myc)

          ��, Fzc�� Myc�� Critical Value

            (�ڼ��� ������ 3. New Injury Criteria ����)

            ��

Dummy Position

Injury Criteria

  • Position 1

    : Spine upright and Abdomen on IP

  • Position 2

    : Head on IP

HIC

900

Nij (Alternative 1)

1.4 and 1.0

Neck Fx, Fz and My (Alternative 2)

3�� ����

CTI (Alternative 1)

1.0

Chest g��s (3ms) (Alternative 2)

50g

Chest Deflection (Alternative 2)

1.7 in (42mm)

��

      • Dynamic OOP Test Option : 2.4 Dynamic Out-Of-Position Test ����

��

    • Safety of 6-year-old

      3-year-old child dummy�� ���� ���� ����������, Airbag ���߽� ���� �ٸ� Option�� ���� �� �ְ� �ϱ� ���Ͽ� ������ ������� �����ϰ� �ִ�.

        ��

      1. Automatic Airbag Suppression Option (Presence)
      • Hybrid III 6YO Dummy�� �̿��Ͽ�Test�� �����ϸ�, ������ ���ܸ� �����ϸ� 3YO�� ���� ����.
      • 34pound�� Child Seat���, 52pound�� Child Seat�� �̿�

              3YO Dummy Weight : 34.09 (lbs.)

              6YO Dummy Weight : 51.62 (lbs.)

      • ����

        : Unbelted Position �� f), g), h), i), j), k), l), m)�� ������� ����

        : Unbelted Position o)�� H-point��ġ�� Spine������ 6YO�� �����ϰ� �����

��

      1. Out-Of-Position Suppression
      • 2.3 OOP Occupant Simulator ����
      1. Low-risk Deployment Option
      • Hybrid III 3YO Dummy�� Fig.3�� Position 1 �Ǵ� Position 2�� ���� �����ϳ�, lower leg, spine angle���� �ٸ�

��

Dummy Position

Injury Criteria

��

  • Position 1

: Spine upright and Abdomen on IP

  • Position 2

    : Head on IP

HIC

1000

Nij (Alternative 1)

1.4 and 1.0

Neck Fx, Fz and My (Alternative 2)

3�� ����

CTI (Alternative 1)

1.0

Chest g��s (3ms) (Alternative 2)

60g

Chest Deflection (Alternative 2)

1.9 in (47mm)

��

      1. Dynamic OOP Test Option
      • 2.4 Dynamic Out-Of-Position Test ����

��

    • Safety of small teenage and adult drivers

      Hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy�� ����ϸ�, Automatic Suppression Option(Presence)�� ������ ������ 3 Option�� �ϳ� �̻��� �����Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.

        ��

      1. Out-Of-Position Suppression
      • Deactivation/Activation

��

Deactivation

OOP Simulator Test

Static Test

  • �� 2.3 OOP Occupant Simulator ����
  • Driver Position 1 (Fig.4 ����)

    : Bottom chin on the top of the air bag module cover

  • Driver Position 2 (Fig.4 ����)

    : The center of the chin contact with the s/wheel upper rim

��

Activation

Static Test

  • At any seat position
  • 5%ile female dummy and 50%ile male dummy in any of the following positions:
  1. Standard position, to the extent possible with the any seat position
  2. Same as a), except right arm is gripped to the s/wheel at any position
  3. Same as a), except left arm is gripped to the s/wheel at any position
  4. Same as a), except right/left arms are gripped to the s/wheel at any position

 

    1. Low-risk Deployment Option

��

Dummy Position

Injury Criteria

  • Driver Position 1

    : Bottom chin on the top of the air bag module cover

  • Driver Position 2

    : The center of the chin contact with the s/wheel upper rim

HIC

1000

Nij (Alternative 1)

1.4 and 1.0

Neck Fx, Fz & My (Alternative 2)

3�� ����

CTI (Alternative 1)

1.0

Chest g��s (3ms) (Alternative 2)

60g

Chest Deflection (Alternative 2)

2.5 in (62mm)

Femur Load

6805N (1530lbf)

��

    1. Dynamic OOP Test Option

      : 2.4 Dynamic Out-Of-Position Test ����

��

��

    • Out-Of-Position Occupant Simulator

      OOP ž���ڸ� ����ϱ� ���� OOP Occupant Simulator(OOPOS)�� ���� 165mm(6.5inch)��5mm(0.2inch)�� �ݱ��� �̿��ϸ�, �ִ� 11km/h (7mph)�� �ӵ��� Automatic Suppression Plane(ASP)�� ������ �� �־�� �Ѵ�.

      OOPOS Headform���� �ٸ� instrumentation�� ������ �ʿ䰡 ������, ���� ���ο� ���������� �ʴ´�.

      NHTSA�� Headform�� mass�� �������� �ʾҴµ�, �̴� Simulator ������Ŀ� �ִ����� �������� �����ϱ� ���� ���̴�.

      ��

    1. Performance Criteria
    • Passenger Side
    • �Ʒ��� ������ Aiming Zone���� �� ������ Test�� ������ ��, OOPOS�� ������ �� ��� ASP�� ����� �� 10ms�̳��� Airbag�� Deactivation�ǰ�, Telltale Light�� ǥ�õǾ�� �Ѵ�.
    • ������ Position�� ���ϰ� �ִ� Hybrid III 3YO Child Dummy Head, Neck �� Torso�� ��� ������ ASP�� ���ϰų� �ڿ� ���� ��, Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��� 3YO Child Dummy�� Injury Criteria�� �������Ѿ� �Ѵ�.
    • Multistage Inflator ����, ���� firing stage
    • Driver Side
    • �Ʒ��� ������ Aiming Zone���� �� ������ Test�� ������ ��, OOPOS�� ������ �� ��� ASP�� ����� �� 10ms�̳��� Airbag�� Deactivation�ǰ�, Telltale Light�� ǥ�õǾ�� �Ѵ�.
    • ������ Position�� ���ϰ� �ִ� Hybrid III 5%ile Female Dummy Head, Neck �� Torso�� ��� ������ ASP�� ���ϰų� �ڿ� ���� ��, Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��� 3YO Child Dummy�� Injury Criteria�� �������Ѿ� �Ѵ�.
    • Multistage Inflator ����, ���� firing stage

��

    1. Automatic Suppression Plane
    • Passenger Side
    • Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��, Hybrid III 3YO child dummy�� ����ġ�� ������ų �� �����鼭 A/Bag�� ���� ����� ������ ������ ������.
    • Driver Side
    • Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��, Hybrid III 5%ile female dummy�� ����ġ�� ������ų �� �����鼭 A/Bag�� ���� ����� ������ ������, S/Wheel rim�� ������ ��.
    1. Occupant Simulator Aiming Zone

      Occupant Simulator Aiming Zone�� ������ ������ ���� ���ǵȴ�.

      ��

    • Passenger Side : Occupant Simulator�� Target Zone�� Fig.5�� Circle T�� ����� �߿��� Plane 1�� ASP�� ������ ���� ���� ��ġ�� �ִ� �����̴�.
    • Driver Side : Occupant Simulator�� Target Zone�� Fig.6�� Circle U�� ����� �߿��� Plane 2�� ASP�� ������ ���� ���� ��ġ�� �ִ� �����̴�.

        ��

    1. Test Configuration

      OOPOS�� Headform�� Aiming Zone������ ���� ���� ���� �� �ִ� ������ ���� ���̵�ǰ�, ASP�� ����Ѵ�.

        ��

        ��

    • Dynamic Out-Of-Position Test

       

    1. Test Procedure
    • Rigid Barrier�� �������� �浹
    • Driver side occupant
    • 5th percentile female dummy (Unbelted)
    • �� ���� low friction material(60x60cm�̻�)�� Seat�� �� ��, Standard position���� ������.
    • Passenger side occupant
    • Hybrid III 3YO child dummy (Unbelted)

      : �� ���� low friction material(60x60cm�̻�)�� Seat�� �� ��, �Ʒ��� �ڼ��� 3YO dummy�� ������.

      : Lower leg�� seat�� �ո鿡 ���, Upper spine torso�� vertical�� �ڼ��� ����

      : Seat position�� fully forward �Ǵ� Head or Torso�� ASP���� 300mm ������ ��ġ�� ��.

       

    • Hybrid III 6YO child dummy (Unbelted)

      : �� ���� low friction material(60x60cm�̻�)�� Seat�� �� ��, �Ʒ��� �ڼ��� 6YO dummy�� ������.

      : Lower leg�� seat�� �ո鿡 ���, Upper spine torso�� vertical���� �������� 6��2���� �ڼ��� ����

      : Seat position�� fully forward �Ǵ� Head or Torso�� ASP���� 300mm ������ ��ġ�� ��.

          ��

    • Deceleration
    • 32km/h(20mph)�� �ӵ��� ������ ��, 24��2km/h(15��1mph)�� ������ �� Barrier�� �浹�Ѵ�. ������ Barrier��� 2.1��0.2m(7��0.66ft) ������ ��ġ���� ���۵ȴ�.
    • Barrier�� �����ϱ� ��, ������ Deceleration�� 0.8��0.3g�̴�.

��

��

  1. New Injury Criteria

    ��Combined Thoracic Index (CTI)

      Chest deflection�� acceleration�� ������ �����ϴ� ������ Injury Criteria���� ���� ���ߴ� ���յ� ȿ���� �����ϱ� ���� ������, �� parameter�� �Ʒ��� �İ� ���� linear combination�� ���̴�.

      CTI = (Amax/Aint) + (Dmax/Dint)

      where, Amax : 3ms maximum value of the resultant spine acceleration

      Aint : Spine acceleration intercept value (Table 1. ����)

      Dmax : Maximum chest deflection

      Dint : Sternal deflection intercept value (Table 1. ����)

      CTI�� ��� ���ӵ��� �ſ� ���� ��, ��� �������� ����ġ(���� ���, H3 50%ile�� 3inches)�� �ʰ��ϴ� ���� ��� �������� ���� ��, ��� ���ӵ��� ����ġ(���� ���, H3 50%ile�� 60g)�� �ʰ��ϴ� ���� ����Ѵ�.

      �̿� �����Ͽ�, NHTSA�� ��� �������� ���� ����ġ�� 3inch�� Hybrid III 50%ile dummy�� ���� �Ѱ�ġ�� ������, ���� ��� ���������� 60g�̻��� ��ΰ��ӵ��� ������ Cadaver data�� ���ٰ� ������.

      �׷���, �� ��° ������� ��� ���ӵ��� �������� ������ �����ϴ� ������ Injury Criteria�� �����ϰ� �ִ�.

    ��Improved Neck Injury Criteria (Nij)

      ������ Temporary Sled Test Alternative���� ����ϴ� Fx, Fz �� My�� ������ ������ Neck�� �ɸ��� Load�� Moment�� ��ø�Ǵ� ��츦 ������ ���ϴ� ������ �ִ�. �̿� NHTSA�� �̷��� ȿ���� ������ �� �ִ� ���ο� Neck Injury Criteria, Nij�� �Ʒ� �İ� ���� �����Ͽ���.

        Nij = (Fz/Fzc) +(My/Myc)

        where, Fzc�� Myc�� critical value (Table 1. ����)

        ��

      Nij�� ����ġ�� 1.4�� 1.0�� ���� ���ε�, Nij=1.0�� Biomechanical data�� ����Ͽ� ����� critical value�� �ݿ��� ���̴�. �׷���, NHTSA�� �ǿ뼺(Ư��, 5%ile Female�� ����� ���迡 ����) �� Biomechanical data�� real-world�� Correlation�� ������ ��, Nij=1.4�� �� ������ Performance Limit��� �����ϰ� �ִ�.

      Nij���� NTE(Tension-Extension), NTF(Tension-Flexion), NCE(Compression-Extension), NCF(Compression-Flexion)�� ������, Force�� CFC 1000���� Filter�ǰ�, Moment�� CFC 600���� Filter�ȴ�.

      NTE�� NTF�� ����� ��, ��� Compressive Force�� 0���� �θ�, NCE�� NCF�� ����� ���� ��� Tensile Force�� 0���� �д�. �������� �������, Flexion Moment�� 0���� �ΰ�, NTE�� NCE�� ���ϰ�, Extension Moment�� 0���� �ΰ�, NTF�� NCF�� ���� �� �ִ�.

    ��

    Table 1. Summary of Injury Criteria

HIII 50%ile

HIII 5%ile

HIII 6YO

HIII 3YO

12M CRABI

HIC

1000

1000

1000

900

660

Neck Criteria

Alternative 1

Nij

1.0 / 1.4

1.0 / 1.4

1.0 / 1.4

1.0 / 1.4

1.0 / 1.4

Critical Value

Fzc Tens. (N)

3600

3200

2900

2500

2200

Fzc Comp. (N)

3600

3200

2900

2500

2200

Myc Flex. (Nm)

410

210

125

100

85

Myc Ext. (Nm)

125

60

40

30

25

Alternative 2

Axial Tens. (N)

3300

2080

1490

1270

1150

Axial Comp. (N)

4000

2520

1800

1540

1390

Fore/Aft Shear (N)

3100

1950

1400

1200

1080

Flex. Moment (Nm)

190

95

57

46

39

Ext. Moment (Nm)

57

28

17

14

12

Thoracic Criteria

Alternative 1

CTI

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Intercept Value

Aint (g's)

85

85

85

70

N/A

Dint (mm)

102

83

63

57

N/A

Alternative 2

Chest Accel. 3ms (g's)

60

60

60

50

40

Chest Deflection (mm)

76

62

47

42

N/A

Femur Load (N)

10000

6805

N/A

N/A

N/A