FMVSS 208 Notice of Proposed Rule Making ����
- Advance Airbag���� ����
��
����
��NPRM�� ��ǥ : 1998�� 9�� 18��
��Advanced Airbag�� �����ϴ� ����
�پ��� ũ���� ž����(50%ile, 5%ile, 12month, 3year, 6year) ��ȣ
Belted / Unbelted ž���� ��ȣ
Airbag�� ���� ���ߵ� �� �ִ� Small Size Occupant�� �������� �ּ�È
��Phase-In
2002.9.1 ~ 2003.9.1 (MY2003) : 25% �̻�
2003.9.1 ~ 2004.9.1 (MY2004) : 40% �̻�
2004.9.1 ~ 2005.9.1 (MY2005) : 70% �̻�
2005.9.1 ~ (MY2006) : 100%
��Final Rule��ǥ ������ : End of 1999
��NPRM�� �߰��� ����
Test Dummy
12-month-old CRABI (Crash Restraints Air Bag Interaction)
3-year-old children (Hybrid III)
6-year-old children (Hybrid III)
5th percentile adult females (Hybrid III)
Dynamic Crash Test
30mph Rigid Barrier Test Using 5th female dummy
25mph Offset Deformable Barrier Test Using 5th female dummy
New Injury Criteria
Improved Neck Injury Criterion (Nij)
Combined Thoracic Index (CTI)
��Airbag Induced Injury�� ���̱� ���� NHTSA�� �ع�
Interim Solution
Unbelted Sled Test Option (Depower)
Manual On-Off Switches for Passenger Airbag
Improved Labeling
��
New Test Requirement
���پ��� ũ��� Belted/Unbelted ž���� ��ȣ�� ����Ű�� ���� ����
Fig.1���� �� �� �ִ� ��ó��, 50%ile Dummy�� �̿��� Unbelted/Belted 30mph rigid barrier
test�ܿ�, 5%ile Female Dummy�� �̿��� Unbelted/Belted 30mph rigid barrier test�� 25mph 40%
offset frontal deformable barrier test�� �߰��Ǿ����� �� �� �ִ� ��, �̴� ���� ����
ž������ ��ȣ�ɷ��� ����Ű�� ���� ���̴�.
����, 50%ile 30mph Barrier Test�� ��쵵, Interim final rule�� ä�õǾ��� Dynamic Sled
Test Option��� ������ Full Crash Test�� ������� �� �� �ִ�.
�׷���, 2001�� 9�� 1�Ͽ� �����ϱ�� �Ͽ��� Dynamic Sled Test Option�� Advanced Airbag
Final Rule�� ���� ����� ������ �����ǵ��� ����Ǿ���.(NHTSA Reauthorization Act of 1998)
��
30mph Rigid Barrier Test using 5th Percentile Female Dummy
50%ile Dummy�� �̿��� 30mph Rigid Barrier Test�� ���� �����ϸ�, 5%ile�� �̿��ϱ�
������ Seating Position�� Fully Forward Position���� �Ѵٴ� ���̰� �ִ�.
25mph Offset Deformable Barrier Test using 5th Percentile Female Dummy
Airbag Induced Injury�� �߻��ϴ� �ֵ� ������ ��Soft Crash Pulse������ late firing��
�Ͼ�� �����̴�. �̷���, Softer, Longer duration crash pulse�� �翬�ϱ� ����
�������� ���õ� ���� 40% Offset Deformable Barrier Test�̴�. �� ������
25mph(40km/h)������ �ӵ����� ����Ǹ�, 30mph rigid barrier test�� ������ Dummy
Position�� Injury Criteria�� ����Ѵ�.
��Infant, Children �� ���� ž������ ���ظ� �ּ�È���� ���� ����
Fig.2�� ž���ڰ� Airbag�� ������ �ִ� ��Ȳ���� Airbag�� ������ �� ���ظ� �ּ�È�ϱ� ���Ͽ�
�䱸�Ǵ� ������̴�.
��
NHTSA���� ��ó�� �پ��� Option�� �����ϴ� ������ Advanced Airbag�� �����ϴµ� �پ���
����� ������ �� �ֵ��� ����ϱ� ���� ���̴�.
��
Safety of Infants
Rear Facing Seat�� �ɾ� �ִ� ������ ���, �Ӹ��� Airbag�� �ſ� ������ ���̱� ������ Airbag
������ ���� �Ǵ� ����� ������ �ſ� ũ��. ����, ������ ���� �ΰ��� Option�� �ϳ��̻���
�����Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.
Automatic Airbag Suppression Option (Presence)
12-month CRABI in Rear Facing Child Restraint�� �̿��Ͽ�, ���� ���� Static test��
�ϴ� ����, Airbag�� Deactivate�Ǿ�� �Ѵ�.
Rough Road ���¿����� Test�� �����Ѵ�. (Weight Sensor�� �̿��� ���, Rough Road����
���۵��� ���ɼ��� �ֱ� ����)
Airbag�� �߸� Deactivate�Ǵ� ��쿡 ����Ͽ�, 5%ile�� �̿��Ͽ� Ȯ�� test�� �����Ѵ�.
Telltale Light�� IP�� �����Ͽ� Deactivation�������� ǥ���Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.
Deactivation |
Static Test (Unbelted) |
Static Test (Belted) |
Rough Road |
��
Standard sitting position
Front facing
Driver facing
Passenger door facing
5inch forward from
standard position and
facing driver
5inch forward from
standard position and
facing passenger
|
��
Rear Facing Child Seat
|
��
|
��
Activation |
Static Test |
Rough Road |
��
|
��
5%ile female dummy standard sitting
position
Washboard or Dips surface
At the speed of 25mph
Any distance between 0.2km and 0.4km
|
Low-risk Deployment Option
Rear facing child seat�� belted condition���� 12-month CRABI dummy�� �̿��Ͽ� Test��
������ ��� �Ʒ��� Injury Criteria�� �����Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.
Multistage Inflator�� ����� ���, ������ Stage�� ������Ų��.
Nij = (Fz/Fzc) + (My/Myc)
��, Fzc�� Myc�� Critical Value
Dummy Position |
Injury Criteria |
��
|
HIC |
660 |
Nij (Alternative 1) |
1.4 and 1.0 |
Neck Fx, Fz and My (Alternative 2) |
3�� ���� |
Chest g��s (3ms) |
40g |
��
��
Safety of 3-year-old
������Ʈ�� ���� ���� ����� ���, ��� �� �޺극��ũ(Pre-crash braking)�� ����
Airbag������ �̵��ϱ� ����. ����, NHTSA�� 3YO Child dummy�� 6YO Child dummy��
�̿��Ͽ�, ������ ���� 4���� Option�� �ϳ��̻��� Test�� �����ϵ��� �����ϰ� �ִ�.
����, NHTSA�� 3YO Child�� 6YO Child�� Ư���� �����Կ��� �ұ��ϰ�, ������ Dummy�� ����
������ ������ �ϴ� ������ Airbag ���߽� ���� �ٸ� Option�� ���� �� �ֵ��� �Ͽ�,
������ �������� �����ֱ� ���� ���̶�� ������.
��
Automatic Airbag Suppression Option (Presence)
Hybrid III 3YO Dummy�� �̿��Ͽ�, ���� ���� Static and Rough Road test�� �����ϴ�
����, Airbag�� Deactivate�Ǿ�� �Ѵ�.
Belted position�� 16������ Unbelted position����
Airbag�� �߸� Deactivate�Ǵ� ��쿡 ����Ͽ�, 5%ile�� �̿��Ͽ� Ȯ�� test�� �����Ѵ�.
Telltale Light�� IP�� �����Ͽ� Deactivation�������� ǥ���Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.
Deactivation |
Static Test (Unbelted) |
Static Test (Belted) |
Rough Road |
��
Seating on seat with back
against seat
Seating on seat with back
not against seat
Sitting on seat edge with
hands on the IP
Sitting on seat edge, spine
vertical, hands by dummy��s
side
Sitting back in the seat
and leaning on the right
front passenger door.
Standing on seat, facing
forward
Standing on seat, facing
rearward
Kneeling on seat, facing
forward
Kneeling on seat, facing
rearward
Standing on floor
Lying on seat
Low risk deployment
position 1
Low risk deployment
position 2
Sitting on seat edge, head
contacting the mid-face of
the IP
Kneeling on the floor
Sitting on seat edge, head
contacting the lower-face
of the IP
|
��
|
��
Without changing the
position of the vehicle
seat or the dummy
Washboard or Dips surface
at the speed of 25mph
any distance between
0.2km and 0.4km
|
��
Activation |
Static Test |
Rough Road |
��
�� |
��
5%ile female dummy standard sitting
position
Washboard or Dips surface
At the speed of 25mph
Any distance between 0.2km and 0.4km
|
��
��
Out-Of-Position Suppression
Presence Automatic Suppression�� �ٸ� ������ ���
Pre-crash braking���� ������ ��� ������ ž���ڸ� ����ϴ� ��ġ�� �ʿ��� (2.3 OOP
Occupant Simulator ����)
OOP Occupant Simulator�� Automatic Suppression Plane(ASP)�� ����� ��, 10ms�ȿ�
Deactivation�ǰ�, Telltale light�� ǥ��
������ Position�� ���ϰ� �ִ� Hybrid III 3YO Child Dummy Head, Neck �� Torso�� ���
������ ASP�� ���ϰų� �ڿ� ���� ��, Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��� 3YO Child Dummy�� Injury
Criteria�� �������Ѿ� �Ѵ�.
��
Low-risk Deployment Option
Hybrid III 3YO Dummy�� Fig.3�� Position 1 �Ǵ� Position 2�� �д�.
Multistage Inflator�� ����� ���, ������ �������� �浹�Ͽ��� ��, ���Ǵ� Stage��
������Ų��.
Dummy Position |
Injury Criteria |
|
HIC |
900 |
Nij (Alternative 1) |
1.4 and 1.0 |
Neck Fx, Fz and My (Alternative 2) |
3�� ���� |
CTI (Alternative 1) |
1.0 |
Chest g��s (3ms) (Alternative 2) |
50g |
Chest Deflection (Alternative 2) |
1.7 in (42mm) |
��
��
��
Out-Of-Position Suppression
Low-risk Deployment Option
��
Dummy Position |
Injury Criteria |
��
: Spine upright and Abdomen on IP
|
HIC |
1000 |
Nij (Alternative 1) |
1.4 and 1.0 |
Neck Fx, Fz and My (Alternative 2) |
3�� ���� |
CTI (Alternative 1) |
1.0 |
Chest g��s (3ms) (Alternative 2) |
60g |
Chest Deflection (Alternative 2) |
1.9 in (47mm) |
��
��
Safety of small teenage and adult drivers
Hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy�� ����ϸ�, Automatic Suppression
Option(Presence)�� ������ ������ 3 Option�� �ϳ� �̻��� �����Ͽ��� �Ѵ�.
Out-Of-Position Suppression
��
Deactivation |
OOP Simulator Test |
Static Test |
|
|
��
Activation |
Static Test |
Standard position, to the extent possible with the any seat position
Same as a), except right arm is gripped to the s/wheel at any position
Same as a), except left arm is gripped to the s/wheel at any position
Same as a), except right/left arms are gripped to the s/wheel at any position
|
Low-risk Deployment Option
��
Dummy Position |
Injury Criteria |
|
HIC |
1000 |
Nij (Alternative 1) |
1.4 and 1.0 |
Neck Fx, Fz & My (Alternative 2) |
3�� ���� |
CTI (Alternative 1) |
1.0 |
Chest g��s (3ms) (Alternative 2) |
60g |
Chest Deflection (Alternative 2) |
2.5 in (62mm) |
Femur Load |
6805N (1530lbf) |
��
Dynamic OOP Test Option
: 2.4 Dynamic Out-Of-Position Test ����
��
��
Out-Of-Position Occupant Simulator
OOP ž���ڸ� ����ϱ� ���� OOP Occupant Simulator(OOPOS)�� ����
165mm(6.5inch)��5mm(0.2inch)�� �ݱ��� �̿��ϸ�, �ִ� 11km/h (7mph)�� �ӵ��� Automatic
Suppression Plane(ASP)�� ������ �� �־�� �Ѵ�.
OOPOS Headform���� �ٸ� instrumentation�� ������ �ʿ䰡 ������, ���� ���ο� ����������
�ʴ´�.
NHTSA�� Headform�� mass�� �������� �ʾҴµ�, �̴� Simulator ������Ŀ� �ִ����� ��������
�����ϱ� ���� ���̴�.
��
Performance Criteria
Passenger Side
�Ʒ��� ������ Aiming Zone���� �� ������ Test�� ������ ��, OOPOS�� ������ �� �κ��� ASP��
����� �� 10ms�̳��� Airbag�� Deactivation�ǰ�, Telltale Light�� ǥ�õǾ�� �Ѵ�.
������ Position�� ���ϰ� �ִ� Hybrid III 3YO Child Dummy Head, Neck �� Torso�� ���
������ ASP�� ���ϰų� �ڿ� ���� ��, Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��� 3YO Child Dummy�� Injury
Criteria�� �������Ѿ� �Ѵ�.
Multistage Inflator ����, ���� firing stage
Driver Side
�Ʒ��� ������ Aiming Zone���� �� ������ Test�� ������ ��, OOPOS�� ������ �� �κ��� ASP��
����� �� 10ms�̳��� Airbag�� Deactivation�ǰ�, Telltale Light�� ǥ�õǾ�� �Ѵ�.
������ Position�� ���ϰ� �ִ� Hybrid III 5%ile Female Dummy Head, Neck �� Torso��
��� ������ ASP�� ���ϰų� �ڿ� ���� ��, Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��� 3YO Child Dummy�� Injury
Criteria�� �������Ѿ� �Ѵ�.
Multistage Inflator ����, ���� firing stage
��
Automatic Suppression Plane
Passenger Side
Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��, Hybrid III 3YO child dummy�� ����ġ�� ������ų �� ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼ A/Bag��
���� ����� ������ ������ ������.
Driver Side
Airbag�� �����Ǿ��� ��, Hybrid III 5%ile female dummy�� ����ġ�� ������ų �� �����é¼
A/Bag�� ���� ����� ������ ������, S/Wheel rim�� ������ ��.
Occupant Simulator Aiming Zone
Occupant Simulator Aiming Zone�� ������ ������ ���� ���ǵȴ�.
��
Test Configuration
OOPOS�� Headform�� Aiming Zone������ ���� ���� ���� �� �ִ� ������ ���� ���̵�ǰ�, ASP��
����Ѵ�.
��
��
Test Procedure
Rigid Barrier�� �������� �浹
Driver side occupant
5th percentile female dummy (Unbelted)
�� ���� low friction material(60x60cm�̻�)�� Seat�� �� ��, Standard position���� ������.
Passenger side occupant
Hybrid III 3YO child dummy (Unbelted)
: �� ���� low friction material(60x60cm�̻�)�� Seat�� �� ��, �Ʒ��� �ڼ��� 3YO dummy��
������.
: Lower leg�� seat�� �ո鿡 ���, Upper spine torso�� vertical�� �ڼ��� ����
: Seat position�� fully forward �Ǵ� Head or Torso�� ASP���� 300mm ������ ��ġ�� ��.
Hybrid III 6YO child dummy (Unbelted)
: �� ���� low friction material(60x60cm�̻�)�� Seat�� �� ��, �Ʒ��� �ڼ��� 6YO dummy��
������.
: Lower leg�� seat�� �ո鿡 ���, Upper spine torso�� vertical���� �������� 6��2����
�ڼ��� ����
: Seat position�� fully forward �Ǵ� Head or Torso�� ASP���� 300mm ������ ��ġ�� ��.
Deceleration
32km/h(20mph)�� �ӵ��� ������ ��, 24��2km/h(15��1mph)�� ������ �� Barrier�� �浹�Ѵ�.
������ Barrier�κ��� 2.1��0.2m(7��0.66ft) ������ ��ġ���� ���۵ȴ�.
Barrier�� �����ϱ� ��, ������ Deceleration�� 0.8��0.3g�̴�.
��
��
New Injury Criteria
��Combined Thoracic Index (CTI)
Chest deflection�� acceleration�� ������ �����ϴ� ������ Injury Criteria���� ���� ���ߴ�
���յ� ȿ���� �����ϱ� ���� ������, �� parameter�� �Ʒ��� �İ� ���� linear combination��
���̴�.
CTI = (Amax/Aint) + (Dmax/Dint)
where, Amax : 3ms maximum value of the resultant spine acceleration
Aint : Spine acceleration intercept value (Table 1. ����)
Dmax : Maximum chest deflection
Dint : Sternal deflection intercept value (Table 1. ����)
CTI�� ��� ���ӵ��� �ſ� ���� ��, ��� �������� ����ġ(���� ���, H3 50%ile�� 3inches)��
�ʰ��ϴ� ���� ��� �������� ���� ��, ��� ���ӵ��� ����ġ(���� ���, H3 50%ile�� 60g)��
�ʰ��ϴ� ���� ����Ѵ�.
�̿� �����Ͽ�, NHTSA�� ��� �������� ���� ����ġ�� 3inch�� Hybrid III 50%ile dummy�� ����
�Ѱ�ġ�� ������, ���� ��� ���������� 60g�̻��� ��ΰ��ӵ��� ������ Cadaver data��
���ٰ� ������.
�׷���, �� ��° ������� ��� ���ӵ��� �������� ������ �����ϴ� ������ Injury Criteria��
�����ϰ� �ִ�.
��Improved Neck Injury Criteria (Nij)
������ Temporary Sled Test Alternative���� ����ϴ� Fx, Fz �� My�� ������ ������ Neck��
�ɸ��� Load�� Moment�� ��ø�Ǵ� ��츦 ������ ���ϴ� ������ �ִ�. �̿� NHTSA�� �̷���
ȿ���� ������ �� �ִ� ���ο� Neck Injury Criteria, Nij�� �Ʒ� �İ� ���� �����Ͽ���.
Nij = (Fz/Fzc) +(My/Myc)
where, Fzc�� Myc�� critical value (Table 1. ����)
��
Nij�� ����ġ�� 1.4�� 1.0�� ���� ���ε�, Nij=1.0�� Biomechanical data�� ����Ͽ� �����
critical value�� �ݿ��� ���̴�. �׷���, NHTSA�� �ǿ뼺(Ư��, 5%ile Female�� ����� ���迡
����) �� Biomechanical data�� real-world�� Correlation�� ������ ��, Nij=1.4�� �� ������
Performance Limit��� �����ϰ� �ִ�.
Nij���� NTE(Tension-Extension), NTF(Tension-Flexion), NCE(Compression-Extension),
NCF(Compression-Flexion)�� ������, Force�� CFC 1000���� Filter�ǰ�, Moment�� CFC 600����
Filter�ȴ�.
NTE�� NTF�� ����� ��, ��� Compressive Force�� 0���� �θ�, NCE�� NCF�� ����� ���� ���
Tensile Force�� 0���� �д�. �������� �������, Flexion Moment�� 0���� �ΰ�, NTE�� NCE��
���ϰ�, Extension Moment�� 0���� �ΰ�, NTF�� NCF�� ���� �� �ִ�.
��
Table 1. Summary of Injury Criteria
|
HIII 50%ile |
HIII 5%ile |
HIII 6YO |
HIII 3YO |
12M CRABI |
HIC |
1000 |
1000 |
1000 |
900 |
660 |
Neck Criteria |
|
|
|
|
|
Alternative 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Nij |
1.0 / 1.4 |
1.0 / 1.4 |
1.0 / 1.4 |
1.0 / 1.4 |
1.0 / 1.4 |
Critical Value |
|
|
|
|
|
Fzc Tens. (N) |
3600 |
3200 |
2900 |
2500 |
2200 |
Fzc Comp. (N) |
3600 |
3200 |
2900 |
2500 |
2200 |
Myc Flex. (Nm) |
410 |
210 |
125 |
100 |
85 |
Myc Ext. (Nm) |
125 |
60 |
40 |
30 |
25 |
Alternative 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Axial Tens. (N) |
3300 |
2080 |
1490 |
1270 |
1150 |
Axial Comp. (N) |
4000 |
2520 |
1800 |
1540 |
1390 |
Fore/Aft Shear (N) |
3100 |
1950 |
1400 |
1200 |
1080 |
Flex. Moment (Nm) |
190 |
95 |
57 |
46 |
39 |
Ext. Moment (Nm) |
57 |
28 |
17 |
14 |
12 |
Thoracic Criteria |
|
|
|
|
|
Alternative 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
CTI |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
Intercept Value |
|
|
|
|
|
Aint (g's) |
85 |
85 |
85 |
70 |
N/A |
Dint (mm) |
102 |
83 |
63 |
57 |
N/A |
Alternative 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Chest Accel. 3ms (g's) |
60 |
60 |
60 |
50 |
40 |
Chest Deflection (mm) |
76 |
62 |
47 |
42 |
N/A |
Femur Load (N) |
10000 |
6805 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|